GO NOTES

Feb 11, 2017 9 min read

虚拟包版本

Untagged revisions can be referred to using a “pseudo-version” like v0.0.0-yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef, where the time is the commit time in UTC and the final suffix is the prefix of the commit has

go get github.com/vladimirvivien/go4vl@40b41ba
go get: upgraded github.com/vladimirvivien/go4vl v0.0.1 => v0.0.2-0.20211216162907-40b41ba86c5c

类型转换操作

For every type T, there is a corresponding conversion operation T(x) that converts the value x to >type T. A conversion from one type to another is allowed if both have the same underlying type, or >if both are unnamed pointer types that point to variables of the same underlying type; these >conversions change the type but not the representation of the value. If x is assignable to T, a >conversion is permitted but is usually redundant.

blank identifier

To ignore one of the values, assign it to the blank identifier :

links, _ := findLinks(url) // errors ignored


for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {

import

ImportDeclaration = "import" ImportSpec
ImportSpec        = [ "." | "_" | Identifier ] ImportPath

According to language spec it depends on the implementation how

import path (string) is interpreted but in real life it’s path

relative package’s vendor directory or go env GOPATH/src

定制的包名

# github.com/mlowicki/main.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/mlowicki/b"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(c.B)
}
# github.com/mlowicki/b/b.go
package c
var B = "b"

初始化
```
import _ "math"
```

doesn’t require to use package math in importing file but init function(s) from imported package will be executed anyway (package and it dependencies will be initialized). It’s useful if we’re interested only in bootstrapping work done by imported package but we don’t reference any exported identifiers from it.

How to check if a map contains a key

func TestMap(t *testing.T){
	attended := map[string]string{
		"Ann": "t",
		"Joe": "r",
	}
	val, ok := attended["mm"]
	fmt.Print(val, ok)
}

if statements in Go can include both a condition and an initialization statement. The example above uses both:

initializes two variables - val will receive either the value of “foo” from the map or a “zero value” (in this case the empty string) and ok will receive a bool that will be set to true if “foo” was actually present in the map
evaluates ok, which will be true if “foo” was in the map

Constructors

two accepted best practices:

Make the zero value of your struct a sensible default. (While this looks strange to most people coming from “traditional” oop it often works and is really convenient).
Provide a function func New() YourTyp or if you have several such types in your package functions func NewYourType1() YourType1 and so on.

Document if a zero value of your type is usable or not (in which case it has to be set up by one of the New… functions

empty interface (interface{} is an empty interface)

An interface is two things:

it is a set of methods,
but it is also a type

The interface{} type, the empty interface is the interface that has no methods.

Since there is no implements keyword, all types implement at least zero methods, and satisfying an interface is done automatically,all types satisfy the empty interface.

That means that if you write a function that takes an interface{} value as a parameter, you can supply that function with any value.

Method’s receiver

go don’t user special name like( this or self ) for the receiver

func (p Point) MoveBy(factor float){
	p.X += factor  //->  this.X += factor
}

Pointer receiver

project-layout Internal app/pkg Directory Clarification

Using /internal/pkg is about consistency if you use the /pkg pattern. The public shared code goes in ‘/pkg’ and the private shared code goes in /internal/pkg

https://github.com/golang-standards/project-layout/issues/9

vendor package

go help gopath

find . -name grpc | xargs rm -rf

/go/pkg/mod/google.golang.org$ ls

[email protected]  [email protected]  [email protected]  [email protected]

Vendor directories do not affect the placement of new repositories being checked out for the first time by ‘go get’: those are always placed in the main GOPATH, never in a vendor subtree

remove installed package

go clean -i -n google.golang.org/grpc...

cd /home/bigo/go/src/google.golang.org/grpc
rm -f grpc.test grpc.test.exe
rm -f /home/bigo/go/pkg/linux_amd64/google.golang.org/grpc.a
cd /home/bigo/go/src/google.golang.org/grpc/balancer
rm -f balancer.test balancer.test.exe
rm -f /home/bigo/go/pkg/linux_amd64/google.golang.org/grpc/balancer.a
cd /home/bigo/go/src/google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/base
rm -f base.test base.test.exe
rm -f /home/bigo/go/pkg/linux_amd64/google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/base.a
cd /home/bigo/go/src/google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/grpclb
rm -f grpclb.test grpclb.test.exe

identifier export

In Go, a simple rule governs which identifiers are exported and which are not: exported identifiers start with an upper-case letter

Package-level names like the types and constants declared in one file of a package are visible to all the other files of the package, as if the source code were all in a single file

CSP

“Another lineage among Go’s ancestors, and one that makes Go distinctive among recent programming languages, is a sequence of little-known research languages developed at Bell Labs, all inspired by the concept of communicating sequential processes (CSP) from Tony Hoare’s seminal 1978 paper on the foundations of concurrency. In CSP, a program is a parallel composition of processes that have no shared state; the processes communicate and synchronize using channels.”

hindsight

“As a recent high-level language, Go has the benefit of hindsight, and the basics are done well: it has garbage collection, a package system, first-class functions, lexical scope, a system call interface, and immutable strings in which text is generally encoded in UTF-8. But it has comparatively few features and is unlikely to add more. For instance, it has no implicit numeric conversions, no constructors or destructors, no operator overloading, no default parameter values, no inheritance, no generics, no exceptions, no macros, no function annotations, and no thread-local storage”

gofmt

Go does not require semicolons at the ends of statements or declarations, except where two or more appear on the same line. In effect, newlines following certain tokens are converted into semicolons, so where newlines are placed matters to proper parsing of Go code. For instance, the opening brace { of the function must be on the same line as the end of the func declaration, not on a line by itself, and in the expression x + y, a newline is permitted after but not before the + operator.

point var

“The variable to which p points is written *p. The expression *p yields the value of that variable, an int, but since *p denotes a variable, it may also appear on the left-hand side of an assignment, in which case the assignment updates the variable.”
“Expressions that denote variables are the only expressions to which the address-of operator & may be applied.”
“Each time we take the address of a variable or copy a pointer, we create new aliases or ways to identify the same variable. For example, *p is an alias for v.”

Function Values have types

declare a var with function value as type * func(int) int -> type

var f func(int) int

nil pointer dereference

package main

import "fmt"

var f func(int) int

func main() {
	//fmt.Println(f(2))
	fmt.Println(f(2))
	f = func(i int) int {
		if i == 0 {
			return 1
		}
		return i * f(i-1)
	}
	fmt.Println(f(2))
}



panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference[signal SIGSEGV: segmentation violation code=0x1 addr=0x0 pc=0x4850f0]goroutine 1 [running]:main.main()	/home/bigo/go/src/github.com/gopl.io/ch5/t2/main.go:9 +0x30exit status 2Process exiting with code: 1

nil pointer dereference

Capturing Iteration Variables

“The problem of iteration variable capture is most often encountered when using the go statement or with defer since both may delay the execution of a function value until after the loop has finished. But the problem is not inherent to go or defer.”

var s1 [3]int = [3]int{1, 2, 3}
var fs []func()

func main() {
	for _, v := range s1 {
		//fmt.Printf("%d\n", v)
		fs = append(fs, func() {
			fmt.Printf("%d\n", v) //v is caputed and shared
		})
	}

	for _, f := range fs {
		f()
	}

	fs = nil
	for _, v := range s1 {
		i := v
		fs = append(fs, func() {
			fmt.Printf("%d\n", i)
		})
	}

	for _, f := range fs {
		f()
	}

}

The reason is a consequence of the scope rules for loop variables. In the program immediately above, the for loop introduces a new lexical block in which the variable dir is declared. All function values created by this loop “capture” and share the same variable—an addressable storage location, not its value at that particular moment. The value of dir is updated in successive iterations, so by the time the cleanup functions are called, the dir variable has been updated several times by the now-completed for loop.

expression in go/defer must be function call

express anonymous function as function call()

var s1 [3]string = [3]string{"go", "func", "value"}

func f(s string) {
	fmt.Println(s)
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println("s escapsed")
	for _, s := range s1 {
		defer func() { fmt.Println(s) }()
	}

	fmt.Println("work expected")

	for _, s := range s1 {
		defer func(s string) { fmt.Println(s) }(s)
	}

	for _, s := range s1 {
		defer f(s)
	}

	for _, s := range s1 {
		go func(s string) {
			fmt.Println("h %s", s)
		}(s)
	}

	for _, s := range s1 {
		go f(s)
	}

}

install go-1.10

***vscode will report go-runtime read-only error which has been installed via snap

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gophers/archive
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install golang-1.10-go
export GOROOT="/usr/lib/go-1.10"
export GOPATH=$HOME/go
export PATH="$PATH:$GOPATH/bin:$GOROOT/bin/"
go version

GOPATH directory

cd $GOPATH
ls
src     bin    pkg

DIR
pkg	存放编译过的包
bin	存放可执行程序(package main)

import path两个功能

go help importpath

在本地文件系统$GOPATH/pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH/查找

import "github.com/google/go-github/github"

...
go/src/wubigo.com/cloud/github_client/main.go:7:2: cannot find package "github.com/google/go-github/github" in any of:
	/usr/lib/go-1.11/src/github.com/google/go-github/github (from $GOROOT)
	/home/bigo/go/src/github.com/google/go-github/github (from $GOPATH)
Process exiting with code: 1
...

如果没找到，需要go get通过安装

go get github.com/google/go-github/github

import path custom domain name

curl golang.org/x/tools/cmd/rename
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<meta name="go-import" content="golang.org/x/tools git https://go.googlesource.com/tools">
<meta name="go-source" content="golang.org/x/tools https://github.com/golang/tools/ https://github.com/golang/tools/tree/master{/dir} https://github.com/golang/tools/blob/master{/dir}/{file}#L{line}">
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/rename">
</head>
<body>
Nothing to see here; <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/rename">move along</a>.
</body>

Canonical import paths

The syntax is simple: put an identifying comment on the package line

https://github.com/golang/tools/blob/master/cmd/gorename/main.go

package main // import "golang.org/x/tools/cmd/gorename"

struct tags

List of well-known struct tags

Tag	Documentation
xml	https://godoc.org/encoding/xml
json	https://godoc.org/encoding/json
asn1	https://godoc.org/encoding/asn1
reform	https://godoc.org/gopkg.in/reform.v1
bigquery	https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/bigquery
datastore	https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/datastore
spanner	https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/spanner
bson	https://godoc.org/labix.org/v2/mgo/bson
gorm	https://godoc.org/github.com/jinzhu/gorm
yaml	https://godoc.org/gopkg.in/yaml.v2

field tags

A field tag is a string of metadata associated at compile time with the field of a struct:

Year int `json:"released"`
Color bool `json:"color,omitempty"`

A field tag may be any literal string , but it is conventionally interpreted as a space-separated list of key:“value” pairs; since they contain double quotation marks, field tags are usually written with raw string literals. The json key control s the behavior of the encoding/json package, and other encoding/… packages follow this convention. The first part of the json field tag specifies an alternative JSON name for the Go field

LANG GO

GO NOTES

虚拟包版本

类型转换操作

blank identifier

import

How to check if a map contains a key

Constructors

empty interface (interface{} is an empty interface)

Method’s receiver

project-layout Internal app/pkg Directory Clarification

vendor package

remove installed package

identifier export

CSP

hindsight

gofmt

point var

Function Values have types

nil pointer dereference

Capturing Iteration Variables

expression in go/defer must be function call

install go-1.10

GOPATH directory

import path两个功能

struct tags

field tags

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